: Protection against transient overvoltages is required where consequences could result in serious injury, failure of safety services (like fire alarms), or significant financial/data loss. For other cases, SPDs must be installed unless the owner specifically signs a declaration accepting the risk of equipment damage. Residual Current Devices (RCDs) :

Omitting an RCD via a risk assessment is now more restricted and generally not permitted in dwellings. Electricians Guide To The Building Regulations 18th Edition

: AFDDs are now mandatory for single-phase AC final circuits supplying socket-outlets (up to 32A) in specific high-risk buildings: Higher Risk Residential Buildings (HRRBs). Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs). Purpose-built student accommodation and care homes.

The 18th Edition places a heavy emphasis on fire safety, protection of sensitive electronic equipment, and the integration of renewable energy technologies.