Arq

The sender transmits one frame and waits for an ACK before sending the next. Pros: Simple implementation.

Requires complex buffering and ordering at the receiver. 4. Performance Considerations The sender transmits one frame and waits for

SR provides the best throughput in high-error rate scenarios. While Stop-and-Wait is efficient for simple

ARQ is an indispensable tool for achieving reliable digital communication. While Stop-and-Wait is efficient for simple, low-delay networks, Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat are essential for modern high-speed networks. The hybrid approach (HARQ) offers the best balance of efficiency and reliability in modern wireless scenarios. protocol efficiency calculations

g., protocol efficiency calculations, equations) or a ? Do youg., mobile networks, satellite)?

Higher bandwidth–delay products require larger window sizes (GBN/SR) to maintain high throughput. 5. Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

Only the specific lost or corrupted frame is retransmitted, rather than the entire window. Pros: Highly efficient utilization of bandwidth.