: Often used as an abbreviation for Maryland in these national reports, where CREDO typically analyzes state-specific performance as part of the broader national study.
: Commonly stands for Technical Summary or Time Series , referring to the supplemental documents that explain the complex statistical modeling used to track student growth over multiple years. Key Findings of the Study credo-iii-2023-italiano-md-ts
While the full string looks like a technical file name, its components represent key facets of the 2023 data release: : Often used as an abbreviation for Maryland