is a fundamental laboratory technique used to separate macromolecules—specifically DNA, RNA, and proteins—based on their size and electrical charge . By applying an electric field to a buffered medium, scientists can "sort" complex biological mixtures into distinct bands, making it an indispensable tool in genetics, forensics, and clinical diagnostics. How It Works
It is used to detect abnormal proteins in blood or urine, which can indicate conditions like multiple myeloma or hemoglobin disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia). Electrophoresis
The standard method for separating DNA fragments, often used after a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to verify results. is a fundamental laboratory technique used to separate
Researchers use it to isolate specific genes for cloning or to study mutations. Conclusion The standard method for separating DNA fragments, often
Used for proteins. The detergent SDS unfolds the proteins and gives them a uniform negative charge, ensuring they are separated strictly by length rather than shape.
Uses narrow tubes instead of gels, allowing for high-speed separation and automation, commonly used in modern DNA sequencing. Real-World Applications
The process relies on the principle that many biological molecules possess an electrical charge. When placed in an electric field, these molecules migrate toward the electrode with the opposite charge.