How "city air makes one free"—the growth of craft guilds, trade fairs, and the struggle of cities for independence from feudal lords.
Describes the "feudal ladder" (lords and vassals) and the life of peasants. How "city air makes one free"—the growth of
Discusses the power of the Pope, the division into Catholic and Orthodox branches (1054), and the influence of monasteries. III. High Middle Ages (XI–XIV centuries) the formation of the Arab Caliphate
The long conflict between England and France, featuring the heroism of Joan of Arc . How "city air makes one free"—the growth of
Covers the life of Muhammad, the formation of the Arab Caliphate, and its subsequent fragmentation. II. Feudal Society and the Church
Military expeditions to the Holy Land and their impact on European trade and culture.
The devastating plague that reshaped European society and labor.