Research on the of protein hydrolysates—particularly from sources like rice dregs , pea protein , and marine by-products —highlights the development of natural bioactive peptides for functional foods and nutraceuticals. 1. Purification Methods

Used as an initial step to separate peptides into specific molecular weight ranges (e.g., <3 kDa or <10 kDa).

Efficient purification separates crude hydrolyzed peptides based on molecular weight, charge, or polarity.

Utilized to isolate peptides based on their electrostatic charge. 2. Identification Techniques